问题描述：
高一下学期英语语法
问题解答：
我来补答
动词的语气——虚拟语气(The Subjunctive Mood)
一、语气的定义和种类
l、语气：语气是动词的一种形式,它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度.
2、语气的种类：
(1)陈述语气: 表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的,用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句.如：We are not ready. 我们没准备好.What a fine day it is!多好的天气啊!
(2)祈使语气: 表示说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等.如: Open the door, please.请打开门.
(3)虚拟语气: 表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实,而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等.如: If I were you, I should study English. 如果我是你,我就学英语了.May you succeed! 祝您成功!
二、虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法
条件句有两类,一类是真实条件句,一类是虚拟条件句.如果假设的情况是有可能发生的,就是真实条件句.在这种真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气.如: If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 如果明天不下雨,我们就去公园.
如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的,或将来不大可能发生的,则是虚拟条件句.如: If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. 如果他昨天见到你,他会问你这件事的.(事实上他昨天没见到你,因此也未能问你这件事.)
在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中,主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气.现将虚拟条件从句和主句的动词形式列表如下:
与现在事实相反: 从句: 动词的过去式（be的过去式一般用were）
主句:would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形
与过去事实相反 : 从句 :had + 过去分词
主句 :would/ should/ could/ might + have + 过去分词
与将来事实相反 : 从句:动词过去式,should + 动词原形,
主句 :were to + 动词原形 would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形
注: 主句中的should只用于I、we,但在美国英语中,should常被would代替；从句中的should可用于各种人称.
l、表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果.如: If my brother were here, everything would be all right. 要是我哥哥在这儿 ,一切都没问题了.
2、表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果.如: If you had taken my advice,you wouldn't (couldn’t) have failed in the exam. 如果你按照我的建议去做,你一定不会(不可能)考试不及格.
3、表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果.如: If it were Sunday tomorrow, I should (would,could,might) go to see my grandmother. 如果明天是星期天,我就 (可能)去看望我奶 奶.If it were to snow this evening, they would not go out. 如果今晚下雪,他们将不出去了.
4、有时条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致（表示错综时间的虚拟语气）,这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整.例如: If you had listened to the doctor, you would be all right now. 如果你当初听了医生的话,身体现在就好了.(从句动作指过去,主句动作指现在)
5、虚拟条件句可以转换成下列形式:
(l)省略连词if.在书面语中,如果虚拟条件从句中有were,had 或 should,可以把if省略,把这几个词放到主语之前,构成主谓倒装.例如: Should he come (If he should come), tell him to ring me up. 他要是来了,让他给我打个电话.Were I you (If I were you), I would not do it. 我要是你,就不做这事.
(2)用介词短语代替条件状语从句.有时假设的情况并不用条件从句表示出来,而是通过介词短语来表示.如: Without air (If there were not air), there would be no living things. 如果没有空气的话,就不会有生物了.But for your help (If it hadn’t been for your help) I couldn’t have done it. 要是没有你的帮助,我就不可能完成这件事.
假设的情况有时可以通过上下文或其他方式表现出来.如: I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have gone there with them. (If I hadn’t been busy that day, I would have gone there with them.) 我那天很忙,否则,我就和他们一起去那儿了.(如果我那天不忙的话,我就……)；I would have finished the work, but I have been ill. (If I hadn’t been ill, I would have finished the work.) 我本来该完成这项工作的,但我生病了.(如果我没生病的话,我就会完成……)
6、省去条件从句或主句：表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略,但其含义仍可以推知.
(1)省去条件从句.如: You could have washed your clothes yourself. 你本可以自已洗衣服的.省去了"If you had wanted to")(事实是:你自己没洗衣服,因为你不想洗.)
(2)省去主句(常用以表示愿望).如: If my grandmother were with me! 如果我的祖母与我在一起多好啊!(事实是:祖母已不在世.)；If only she had not left! 如果她没走就好了!(事实是:她已经走了.)
三、虚拟语气的其他用法
l、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法：在"It is important (strange,natural,necessary)that…"这类句型里,that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用 “should+动词原形”结构,表示某事是"重要"、"奇怪"、"自然"、"必要"等意义.如: It is important that every member (should) inform himself of these rules. 重要的是每个成员知道这些规则.
2、虚拟语气在宾语从句中用法：
(1)在动词wish后的宾语从句中,表示与现在或过去的事实相反,或对将来的主观愿望,从句通常省略连词that.1)表示对现在情况的虚拟:从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be动词一般用were).如: I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道这个问题的答案.(可惜不知道)；2）表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句动词常用"had+过去分词".如: I wish (wished) I hadn’t spent so much money. 我后悔不该花那么多钱.(实际上已经花掉)；3)表示对将来的主观愿望:谓语动词形式为"would+动词原形".此时要注意,主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同,因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现,取决于从句主语的态度或意愿(非动物名词除外).如: I wish it would stop raining. 但愿雨能停止；I wish you would come soon. 但愿你立刻来.
(2)在suggest,demand,order,propose,insist,command,request,desire等动词后的宾语从句中,谓语动词用“should + 动词原形”,表示建议、要求、命令等.如: I demand that he (should) answer me immediately. 我要求他立刻答复我.
3、虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法
(1)在带有even if/ even though引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中,主句和从句都用虚拟语气,动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同.如: Even if he had been ill, he would have gone to his office. 即使生了病,他都去办公室.
(2)由as if或as though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时.从句谓语形式为动词的过去式(be用were)或 “had+过去分词”.如: He treated me as if I were a stranger. 他那样对待我,好像我是陌
生人似的.She talked about the film as if she had really seen it. 她谈论那部影片,就好像她确实看过一样.
注:如果表示的事情可能会发生,那么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气.
(3)在in order that或so that引导的目的状语从句中,谓语动词多用 “could或might（有时也用should）+ 动词原形”.如: Mr green spoke slowly so that his students could (might) hear clearly. 格林先生说得很慢,好让学生听清楚.
4、虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法：在"It is time (that) …"句型中,定语从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气表示将来,动词形式一般用过去式,意思是"该干某事的时候了".如: It’s (high) time we did our homework. 我们该做作业了.
5、虚拟语气在简单句中的用法
(1)情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时,表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌,或委婉的语气,常见于日常会话中.如: It would be better for you not to stay up too late. 你最好别太晚睡觉.
(2)在一些习惯表达中.如: I would rather not tell you. 我宁愿不告诉你.
(3)用“may + 动词原形”表示"祝愿"、"但愿”,此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）.如：May you be happy!祝你快乐!May good luck be yours.祝你顺利.
一、语气的定义和种类
l、语气：语气是动词的一种形式,它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度.
2、语气的种类：
(1)陈述语气: 表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的,用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句.如：We are not ready. 我们没准备好.What a fine day it is!多好的天气啊!
(2)祈使语气: 表示说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等.如: Open the door, please.请打开门.
(3)虚拟语气: 表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实,而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等.如: If I were you, I should study English. 如果我是你,我就学英语了.May you succeed! 祝您成功!
二、虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法
条件句有两类,一类是真实条件句,一类是虚拟条件句.如果假设的情况是有可能发生的,就是真实条件句.在这种真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气.如: If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 如果明天不下雨,我们就去公园.
如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的,或将来不大可能发生的,则是虚拟条件句.如: If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. 如果他昨天见到你,他会问你这件事的.(事实上他昨天没见到你,因此也未能问你这件事.)
在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中,主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气.现将虚拟条件从句和主句的动词形式列表如下:
与现在事实相反: 从句: 动词的过去式（be的过去式一般用were）
主句:would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形
与过去事实相反 : 从句 :had + 过去分词
主句 :would/ should/ could/ might + have + 过去分词
与将来事实相反 : 从句:动词过去式,should + 动词原形,
主句 :were to + 动词原形 would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形
注: 主句中的should只用于I、we,但在美国英语中,should常被would代替；从句中的should可用于各种人称.
l、表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果.如: If my brother were here, everything would be all right. 要是我哥哥在这儿 ,一切都没问题了.
2、表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果.如: If you had taken my advice,you wouldn't (couldn’t) have failed in the exam. 如果你按照我的建议去做,你一定不会(不可能)考试不及格.
3、表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果.如: If it were Sunday tomorrow, I should (would,could,might) go to see my grandmother. 如果明天是星期天,我就 (可能)去看望我奶 奶.If it were to snow this evening, they would not go out. 如果今晚下雪,他们将不出去了.
4、有时条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致（表示错综时间的虚拟语气）,这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整.例如: If you had listened to the doctor, you would be all right now. 如果你当初听了医生的话,身体现在就好了.(从句动作指过去,主句动作指现在)
5、虚拟条件句可以转换成下列形式:
(l)省略连词if.在书面语中,如果虚拟条件从句中有were,had 或 should,可以把if省略,把这几个词放到主语之前,构成主谓倒装.例如: Should he come (If he should come), tell him to ring me up. 他要是来了,让他给我打个电话.Were I you (If I were you), I would not do it. 我要是你,就不做这事.
(2)用介词短语代替条件状语从句.有时假设的情况并不用条件从句表示出来,而是通过介词短语来表示.如: Without air (If there were not air), there would be no living things. 如果没有空气的话,就不会有生物了.But for your help (If it hadn’t been for your help) I couldn’t have done it. 要是没有你的帮助,我就不可能完成这件事.
假设的情况有时可以通过上下文或其他方式表现出来.如: I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have gone there with them. (If I hadn’t been busy that day, I would have gone there with them.) 我那天很忙,否则,我就和他们一起去那儿了.(如果我那天不忙的话,我就……)；I would have finished the work, but I have been ill. (If I hadn’t been ill, I would have finished the work.) 我本来该完成这项工作的,但我生病了.(如果我没生病的话,我就会完成……)
6、省去条件从句或主句：表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略,但其含义仍可以推知.
(1)省去条件从句.如: You could have washed your clothes yourself. 你本可以自已洗衣服的.省去了"If you had wanted to")(事实是:你自己没洗衣服,因为你不想洗.)
(2)省去主句(常用以表示愿望).如: If my grandmother were with me! 如果我的祖母与我在一起多好啊!(事实是:祖母已不在世.)；If only she had not left! 如果她没走就好了!(事实是:她已经走了.)
三、虚拟语气的其他用法
l、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法：在"It is important (strange,natural,necessary)that…"这类句型里,that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用 “should+动词原形”结构,表示某事是"重要"、"奇怪"、"自然"、"必要"等意义.如: It is important that every member (should) inform himself of these rules. 重要的是每个成员知道这些规则.
2、虚拟语气在宾语从句中用法：
(1)在动词wish后的宾语从句中,表示与现在或过去的事实相反,或对将来的主观愿望,从句通常省略连词that.1)表示对现在情况的虚拟:从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be动词一般用were).如: I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道这个问题的答案.(可惜不知道)；2）表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句动词常用"had+过去分词".如: I wish (wished) I hadn’t spent so much money. 我后悔不该花那么多钱.(实际上已经花掉)；3)表示对将来的主观愿望:谓语动词形式为"would+动词原形".此时要注意,主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同,因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现,取决于从句主语的态度或意愿(非动物名词除外).如: I wish it would stop raining. 但愿雨能停止；I wish you would come soon. 但愿你立刻来.
(2)在suggest,demand,order,propose,insist,command,request,desire等动词后的宾语从句中,谓语动词用“should + 动词原形”,表示建议、要求、命令等.如: I demand that he (should) answer me immediately. 我要求他立刻答复我.
3、虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法
(1)在带有even if/ even though引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中,主句和从句都用虚拟语气,动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同.如: Even if he had been ill, he would have gone to his office. 即使生了病,他都去办公室.
(2)由as if或as though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时.从句谓语形式为动词的过去式(be用were)或 “had+过去分词”.如: He treated me as if I were a stranger. 他那样对待我,好像我是陌
生人似的.She talked about the film as if she had really seen it. 她谈论那部影片,就好像她确实看过一样.
注:如果表示的事情可能会发生,那么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气.
(3)在in order that或so that引导的目的状语从句中,谓语动词多用 “could或might（有时也用should）+ 动词原形”.如: Mr green spoke slowly so that his students could (might) hear clearly. 格林先生说得很慢,好让学生听清楚.
4、虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法：在"It is time (that) …"句型中,定语从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气表示将来,动词形式一般用过去式,意思是"该干某事的时候了".如: It’s (high) time we did our homework. 我们该做作业了.
5、虚拟语气在简单句中的用法
(1)情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时,表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌,或委婉的语气,常见于日常会话中.如: It would be better for you not to stay up too late. 你最好别太晚睡觉.
(2)在一些习惯表达中.如: I would rather not tell you. 我宁愿不告诉你.
(3)用“may + 动词原形”表示"祝愿"、"但愿”,此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）.如：May you be happy!祝你快乐!May good luck be yours.祝你顺利.
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