问题描述：
求一篇关于桥梁方面的外文文献及翻译
问题解答：
我来补答
石拱桥的桥洞成弧形,就像虹.古代神话里说,雨后彩虹是“人间天上的桥”,通过彩虹就能上天.我国的诗人爱把拱桥比作虹,说拱桥是“卧虹”“飞虹”,把水上拱桥形容为“长虹卧波”.
石拱桥在世界桥梁史上出现得比较早.这种桥不但形式优美,而且结构坚固,能几十年几百年甚至上千年雄跨在江河之上,在交通方面发挥作用.
我国的石拱桥有悠久的历史.《水经注》里提到的“旅人桥”,大约建成于公元282年,可能是有记载的最早的石拱桥了.我国的石拱桥几乎到处都有.这些桥大小不一,形式多样,有许多是惊人的杰作.其中最著名的当推河北省赵县的赵州桥,还有北京丰台区的卢沟桥.
赵州桥横跨在洨河上,是世界著名的古代石拱桥,也是造成后一直使用到现在的最古的石桥.这座桥修建于公元605年左右,到现在已经一千三百多年了,还保持着原来的雄姿.到解放的时候,这座古桥又恢复了青春.
赵州桥非常雄伟,全长50.82米,两端宽9.6米,中部略窄,宽9米.桥的设计完全合乎科学原理,施工技术更是巧妙绝伦.唐朝的张嘉贞说它“制造奇特,人不知其所以为”.这座桥的特点是：（一）全桥只有一个大拱,长达37.4米,在当时可算是世界上最长的石拱.桥洞不是普通半圆形,而是像一张弓,因而大拱上面的道路没有陡坡,便于车马上下.（二）大拱的两肩上,各有两个小拱.这是创造性的设计,不但节约了石料,减轻了桥身的重量,而且在河水暴涨的时候,还可以增加桥洞的过水量,减轻洪水对桥身的冲击.同时,拱上加拱,桥身也更美观.（三）大拱由28道拱圈拼成,就像这么多同样形状的弓合龙在一起,作成了一个弧形的桥洞.每道拱圈都能独立支撑上面的重量,一道坏了,其他各道不致受到影响.（四）全桥结构匀称,和四周景色配合得十分和谐；桥上的石栏石板也雕刻得古朴美观.唐朝的张鷟说,远望这座桥就像“初月出云,长虹引涧”.赵州桥高度的技术水平和不朽的艺术价值,充分显示出了我国劳动人民的智慧和力量.桥的主要设计者李春就是一位杰出的工匠,在桥头的碑文里刻着他的名字.
永定河上的卢沟桥,修建于公元1189到1192年间.桥长265米,由11个半圆形的石拱组成,每个石拱长度不一,自16米到21.6米.桥宽约8米,路面平坦,几乎与河面平行.每两个石拱之间有石砌桥墩,把11个石拱联成一个整体.由于各拱相联,所以这种桥叫做联拱石桥.永定河发水时,来势很猛,以前两岸河堤常被冲毁,但是这座桥却极少出事,足见它的坚固.桥面用石板铺砌,两旁有石拦石柱.每个柱头上都雕刻着不同姿态的狮子.这些石刻狮子,有的母子相抱,有的交头接耳,有的像倾听水声,有的像注视行人,千态万状惟妙惟肖.
早在13世纪,卢沟桥就闻名世界.那时候有个意大利人马可·波罗来过中国,他的游记里,十分推崇这座桥,说它“是世界上独一无二的”,并且特别欣赏桥拦柱上刻的狮子,说它们“共同构成美丽的奇观”.在国内,这座桥也是历来为人们所称赞的.它地处入都要道,而且建筑优美,“卢沟晓月”很早就成为北京的胜景之一.
卢沟桥在我国人民反抗帝国主义侵略战争的历史上,也是值得纪念的.1937年7月7日中国军队在此抗击日本帝国主义的侵略,揭开抗日战争的序幕.
为什么我国的石拱桥会有这样光辉的成就呢?首先,在于我国劳动人民的勤劳和智慧.他们制作石料的工艺极其精巧,能把石料切成整块大石碑,又能把石块雕刻成各中形象.在建筑技术上有很多创造,在起重吊装方面更有意想不到的办法.如福建漳州的江东桥,修建于八百年前,有的石梁一块就有二百来吨重,究竟是怎样安装上去的,至今还不完全知道.其次,我国石拱桥的设计有优良传统,建成的桥,用料省,结构巧,强度高.再其次,我国富有建筑用的各种石料,便于就地取材,这也为修造石桥提供了有利条件.
两千年来,我国修建了无数的石拱桥.解放后,全国大规模兴建起各种形式的公路桥和铁路桥.其中就有不少石拱桥.1961年,云南省建成可一座世界最长的独拱石桥,名叫“长虹大桥”,石拱长达112.5米.在传统的石拱桥的基础上,我们还造了大量的钢筋混凝土拱桥,其中“双曲拱桥”是我国劳动人民的新创造,是世界上所仅有的.近几年来,全国早了总长二十余万米的这种拱桥,其中最大的一孔,长达150米.我国桥梁事业的飞跃发展,表明了我国社会主义制度的无比优越.
can god. The poet love the arch bridge in China compared to the rainbow bridge is "lying, said," FeiHong rainbow "" the water arch bridge described as" wave "changhong lie.
In the world QiaoLiangShi stone appear on early. This bridge is not only form graceful, but also firm structure, can decades hundreds of years and even thousands of years across the rivers, the above a role in traffic.
China's arch has a long history. The water that we mentioned in the note ", "bridge" traveler, completed in AD about 282 years, may be the earliest recorded the arch. China's arch almost is everywhere. These bridge diverse forms, size is differ, there are many is breathtaking masterpiece. One of the most famous when push zhaozhou bridge in hebei province, and the zhao country the lugouqiao Beijing fengtai district.
Zhaozhou bridge spanned the Xiao river, is a world famous ancient arch, is also causes has been using to now after the most ancient stone bridge. The bridge built in AD 605 years or so, until now has more than 1300 years, also to maintain the original grand appearance. To liberation, the ancient Bridges and restore the youth.
Zhaozhou bridge stretches very grand 50.82 meters wide 9.6 meters on both ends, central slightly narrower, wide 9 meters. Bridge design quite scientific principle, construction technology is clever unsurpassed. Tang dynasty ZhangJiaZhen said it "manufacturing strange, knows the so for". The bridge is (a) the characteristics of the whole bridge for only one arch, at that time 37.1 meters can be the world's longest arch. Little not ordinary semicircle, but like a bow, thus arch above the road not steep, facilitate chariots and horses fluctuation. (2) arch, each with two shoulders two small arch. This is creative design, not only save the stone, reduce the weight of the bridge, and in the river boom when, still can increase the little to water, reduce the impact of flood bridge. Meanwhile, arch bridge also add arch, more beautiful. (3) by 28 word arch arch ring Mosaic, like so many of the same shape closure together, bow finish a of arc little. Every word the arch ring can independent support the weight of the above, a broken, the other way not affected. (4) the whole bridge structure well-balanced, and around with very harmonious scenery; On the bridge to boulder fence SLATE also sculpture of of primitive simplicity and beautiful. Tang dynasty zhang Zhuo said, gazing out the bridge like "ChuYue cloud, changhong lead gorge". Zhaozhou bridge highly technical level and immortal artistic value, fully showed our working people's wisdom and power. Bridge LiChun is an outstanding chief designer of the artisans, the inscription on the bridge engraved his name.
The lugouqiao, built in yongding river in AD 1189 to 1192 years. The bridge length by 11 265 meters, each of the trio semicircular arch length is differ, since 16 meters to a career-high 21.6 meters. Bridge about 8 meters, width, with the river road flat almost parallel. Between every two arch bridge, which represent a whole 11 trio. Because each arch bridge connected, so this kind GongShiQiao called united. When yongding river once before, powerless gale, cross-straits embankment is often destroyed, but the bridge seldom an accident, it serves to show its strong. Bridge deck with SLATE slabs, lined with stone block columns. Each stigma is carved with different attitude on the lion. These carved stone lion, some mother-child phase embrace, some whisper, some like to listen to the water, some like watching the passersby, 1000 state pulled perfectly.
As early as the 13th century, the lugouqiao is world famous. At that time a Italian Marco Polo came to China in his travels, esteem the bridge, said it "is the only one in the world", and particularly appreciate bridge block column engraved lion, saying they "together constitute a beautiful wonders". At home, the bridge is always the praise for people. It is located in the oceans, and the building is beautiful, "Lou ditch both" very would have become one of the sites in Beijing.
The lugouqiao in our people against imperialism invasion war history, was also memorable. July 7, 1937 Chinese troops in the Japanese imperialist aggression, revealing the prelude of the Anti-Japanese War.
Why China's arch will have such brilliant achievements? First of all, in our diligence and wisdom of the labouring people. They make stone craft extremely exquisite, can cut into the stone block DaShiBei, and can put rocks carved into the image. There are many in building technology creation, during the hoisting aspects to more surprises. As in zhangzhou JiangDongQiao, constructed in the 800 years ago, some ShiLiang a have 200 to tons, what exactly is how to install up, still don't fully know. Secondly, the design of the bridge in China tradition, built bridge, with makings provinces, structure skillful, high strength. Third, China's wealthy all kinds of stone, facilitate used for local materials, it also provides favorable conditions made repairs stone bridge.
Two thousand years, our country built countless arch. Build up the liberation, the national mass all forms of road and railway. There will be many arch. In 1961, yunnan province built the world's longest alone can be a GongShiQiao named "long rainbow bridge" for 112.5 meters, the trio. On the basis of traditional arch, we also made a lot of reinforced concrete arch bridge, including "double-curvature arch bridge" is our working people's new creation, is all the world's only. In recent years, the national early presidents 20 million meters of the arch bridge, one of the biggest hole, up to 150 meters. The rapid development of our business, bridge shows that China's socialist system superiority.
好累呀!
石拱桥在世界桥梁史上出现得比较早.这种桥不但形式优美,而且结构坚固,能几十年几百年甚至上千年雄跨在江河之上,在交通方面发挥作用.
我国的石拱桥有悠久的历史.《水经注》里提到的“旅人桥”,大约建成于公元282年,可能是有记载的最早的石拱桥了.我国的石拱桥几乎到处都有.这些桥大小不一,形式多样,有许多是惊人的杰作.其中最著名的当推河北省赵县的赵州桥,还有北京丰台区的卢沟桥.
赵州桥横跨在洨河上,是世界著名的古代石拱桥,也是造成后一直使用到现在的最古的石桥.这座桥修建于公元605年左右,到现在已经一千三百多年了,还保持着原来的雄姿.到解放的时候,这座古桥又恢复了青春.
赵州桥非常雄伟,全长50.82米,两端宽9.6米,中部略窄,宽9米.桥的设计完全合乎科学原理,施工技术更是巧妙绝伦.唐朝的张嘉贞说它“制造奇特,人不知其所以为”.这座桥的特点是：（一）全桥只有一个大拱,长达37.4米,在当时可算是世界上最长的石拱.桥洞不是普通半圆形,而是像一张弓,因而大拱上面的道路没有陡坡,便于车马上下.（二）大拱的两肩上,各有两个小拱.这是创造性的设计,不但节约了石料,减轻了桥身的重量,而且在河水暴涨的时候,还可以增加桥洞的过水量,减轻洪水对桥身的冲击.同时,拱上加拱,桥身也更美观.（三）大拱由28道拱圈拼成,就像这么多同样形状的弓合龙在一起,作成了一个弧形的桥洞.每道拱圈都能独立支撑上面的重量,一道坏了,其他各道不致受到影响.（四）全桥结构匀称,和四周景色配合得十分和谐；桥上的石栏石板也雕刻得古朴美观.唐朝的张鷟说,远望这座桥就像“初月出云,长虹引涧”.赵州桥高度的技术水平和不朽的艺术价值,充分显示出了我国劳动人民的智慧和力量.桥的主要设计者李春就是一位杰出的工匠,在桥头的碑文里刻着他的名字.
永定河上的卢沟桥,修建于公元1189到1192年间.桥长265米,由11个半圆形的石拱组成,每个石拱长度不一,自16米到21.6米.桥宽约8米,路面平坦,几乎与河面平行.每两个石拱之间有石砌桥墩,把11个石拱联成一个整体.由于各拱相联,所以这种桥叫做联拱石桥.永定河发水时,来势很猛,以前两岸河堤常被冲毁,但是这座桥却极少出事,足见它的坚固.桥面用石板铺砌,两旁有石拦石柱.每个柱头上都雕刻着不同姿态的狮子.这些石刻狮子,有的母子相抱,有的交头接耳,有的像倾听水声,有的像注视行人,千态万状惟妙惟肖.
早在13世纪,卢沟桥就闻名世界.那时候有个意大利人马可·波罗来过中国,他的游记里,十分推崇这座桥,说它“是世界上独一无二的”,并且特别欣赏桥拦柱上刻的狮子,说它们“共同构成美丽的奇观”.在国内,这座桥也是历来为人们所称赞的.它地处入都要道,而且建筑优美,“卢沟晓月”很早就成为北京的胜景之一.
卢沟桥在我国人民反抗帝国主义侵略战争的历史上,也是值得纪念的.1937年7月7日中国军队在此抗击日本帝国主义的侵略,揭开抗日战争的序幕.
为什么我国的石拱桥会有这样光辉的成就呢?首先,在于我国劳动人民的勤劳和智慧.他们制作石料的工艺极其精巧,能把石料切成整块大石碑,又能把石块雕刻成各中形象.在建筑技术上有很多创造,在起重吊装方面更有意想不到的办法.如福建漳州的江东桥,修建于八百年前,有的石梁一块就有二百来吨重,究竟是怎样安装上去的,至今还不完全知道.其次,我国石拱桥的设计有优良传统,建成的桥,用料省,结构巧,强度高.再其次,我国富有建筑用的各种石料,便于就地取材,这也为修造石桥提供了有利条件.
两千年来,我国修建了无数的石拱桥.解放后,全国大规模兴建起各种形式的公路桥和铁路桥.其中就有不少石拱桥.1961年,云南省建成可一座世界最长的独拱石桥,名叫“长虹大桥”,石拱长达112.5米.在传统的石拱桥的基础上,我们还造了大量的钢筋混凝土拱桥,其中“双曲拱桥”是我国劳动人民的新创造,是世界上所仅有的.近几年来,全国早了总长二十余万米的这种拱桥,其中最大的一孔,长达150米.我国桥梁事业的飞跃发展,表明了我国社会主义制度的无比优越.
can god. The poet love the arch bridge in China compared to the rainbow bridge is "lying, said," FeiHong rainbow "" the water arch bridge described as" wave "changhong lie.
In the world QiaoLiangShi stone appear on early. This bridge is not only form graceful, but also firm structure, can decades hundreds of years and even thousands of years across the rivers, the above a role in traffic.
China's arch has a long history. The water that we mentioned in the note ", "bridge" traveler, completed in AD about 282 years, may be the earliest recorded the arch. China's arch almost is everywhere. These bridge diverse forms, size is differ, there are many is breathtaking masterpiece. One of the most famous when push zhaozhou bridge in hebei province, and the zhao country the lugouqiao Beijing fengtai district.
Zhaozhou bridge spanned the Xiao river, is a world famous ancient arch, is also causes has been using to now after the most ancient stone bridge. The bridge built in AD 605 years or so, until now has more than 1300 years, also to maintain the original grand appearance. To liberation, the ancient Bridges and restore the youth.
Zhaozhou bridge stretches very grand 50.82 meters wide 9.6 meters on both ends, central slightly narrower, wide 9 meters. Bridge design quite scientific principle, construction technology is clever unsurpassed. Tang dynasty ZhangJiaZhen said it "manufacturing strange, knows the so for". The bridge is (a) the characteristics of the whole bridge for only one arch, at that time 37.1 meters can be the world's longest arch. Little not ordinary semicircle, but like a bow, thus arch above the road not steep, facilitate chariots and horses fluctuation. (2) arch, each with two shoulders two small arch. This is creative design, not only save the stone, reduce the weight of the bridge, and in the river boom when, still can increase the little to water, reduce the impact of flood bridge. Meanwhile, arch bridge also add arch, more beautiful. (3) by 28 word arch arch ring Mosaic, like so many of the same shape closure together, bow finish a of arc little. Every word the arch ring can independent support the weight of the above, a broken, the other way not affected. (4) the whole bridge structure well-balanced, and around with very harmonious scenery; On the bridge to boulder fence SLATE also sculpture of of primitive simplicity and beautiful. Tang dynasty zhang Zhuo said, gazing out the bridge like "ChuYue cloud, changhong lead gorge". Zhaozhou bridge highly technical level and immortal artistic value, fully showed our working people's wisdom and power. Bridge LiChun is an outstanding chief designer of the artisans, the inscription on the bridge engraved his name.
The lugouqiao, built in yongding river in AD 1189 to 1192 years. The bridge length by 11 265 meters, each of the trio semicircular arch length is differ, since 16 meters to a career-high 21.6 meters. Bridge about 8 meters, width, with the river road flat almost parallel. Between every two arch bridge, which represent a whole 11 trio. Because each arch bridge connected, so this kind GongShiQiao called united. When yongding river once before, powerless gale, cross-straits embankment is often destroyed, but the bridge seldom an accident, it serves to show its strong. Bridge deck with SLATE slabs, lined with stone block columns. Each stigma is carved with different attitude on the lion. These carved stone lion, some mother-child phase embrace, some whisper, some like to listen to the water, some like watching the passersby, 1000 state pulled perfectly.
As early as the 13th century, the lugouqiao is world famous. At that time a Italian Marco Polo came to China in his travels, esteem the bridge, said it "is the only one in the world", and particularly appreciate bridge block column engraved lion, saying they "together constitute a beautiful wonders". At home, the bridge is always the praise for people. It is located in the oceans, and the building is beautiful, "Lou ditch both" very would have become one of the sites in Beijing.
The lugouqiao in our people against imperialism invasion war history, was also memorable. July 7, 1937 Chinese troops in the Japanese imperialist aggression, revealing the prelude of the Anti-Japanese War.
Why China's arch will have such brilliant achievements? First of all, in our diligence and wisdom of the labouring people. They make stone craft extremely exquisite, can cut into the stone block DaShiBei, and can put rocks carved into the image. There are many in building technology creation, during the hoisting aspects to more surprises. As in zhangzhou JiangDongQiao, constructed in the 800 years ago, some ShiLiang a have 200 to tons, what exactly is how to install up, still don't fully know. Secondly, the design of the bridge in China tradition, built bridge, with makings provinces, structure skillful, high strength. Third, China's wealthy all kinds of stone, facilitate used for local materials, it also provides favorable conditions made repairs stone bridge.
Two thousand years, our country built countless arch. Build up the liberation, the national mass all forms of road and railway. There will be many arch. In 1961, yunnan province built the world's longest alone can be a GongShiQiao named "long rainbow bridge" for 112.5 meters, the trio. On the basis of traditional arch, we also made a lot of reinforced concrete arch bridge, including "double-curvature arch bridge" is our working people's new creation, is all the world's only. In recent years, the national early presidents 20 million meters of the arch bridge, one of the biggest hole, up to 150 meters. The rapid development of our business, bridge shows that China's socialist system superiority.
好累呀!
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