问题描述：
请给我一些熊的英文简介!
问题解答：
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Etymology
Modern English "bear" derives from Old English "bera",which itself derives from Proto-Germanic "*beron" meaning "the brown one".(Compare Scandinavian "björn",Dutch "beer" and German "Bär" all meaning "bear").
Both Greek ("arktos") and Latin ("ursus") have retained the Proto-Indo-European root word for "bear" ("*rtko") but it was ritually replaced in the northern branches of the Indo-European languages (The Germanic,Baltic,Celtic and Slavic branches) because of the hunters' taboo on the names of wild animals.For example the Irish word for "bear" translated means "the good calf",in Welsh it translates as "honey-pig",in Lithuanian it means "the licker" and Russian "屑械写胁械写褜" literally means "one who leads to honey".
[edit] Physical attributes
Common characteristics of bears include a short tail,acute senses of smell and hearing,five non-retractable claws per paw,and long,dense,shaggy fur.
Bears have large bodies and powerful limbs.They are capable of standing up on their hind legs.They have broad paws,long snouts,and round ears.Their teeth are bared for defense and used as tools,depending on the diet of the bear.Their claws are used for ripping,digging,and catching.Black bears,and likely other bears,have color vision.
Depending on the species,bears can have 32 to 42 teeth.Bear teeth are not specialized for killing their prey like those of cats.Normal canine teeth in a carnivore are generally large,pointed and used for killing prey,while bears' canine teeth are relatively small and typically used in defense or as tools.Bears' molar teeth are broad,flat and are used to shred and grind plant food into small digestible pieces.
Bears have four limbs that end in paws.Each paw has five long,sharp claws that are not retractable.These claws can be used to climb trees,rip open termite nests and beehives,dig up roots,or catch prey,depending on the species.While most carnivores tend to walk on their toes in a way that is adapted for speed,bears have a plantigrade stance.They walk with their weight on the soles of their feet,with the heel touching the ground,while the claws of the arm are used more for balance.Although slower than most carnivores,a running bear can reach speeds of up to 50 km/h (30 mph).
A bear's fur is often long and shaggy.Fur color varies among species,ranging from white,blond or cream,black and white,to all black or all brown.Colors of a bear's fur can also vary within species.For example,American black bears may be black,brown,reddish-brown,or bluish-black.Several species,such as the sun bear and spectacled bear have a light-colored chest with facial markings.
In all bear species,males are larger than females,but the difference between sexes varies and is greatest in the largest species.Large male polar bears may weigh twice as much as females,while smaller male and female bears are much more similar in weight.A bear's life span seems to last about 25 to 40 years.Bears living in the wild tend to die younger than their zoo counterparts.
Kodiak bears are the largest type,and in fact one of the largest extant carnivores,though polar bears are the heaviest.Sun bears are the smallest,only the size of a large dog.
[edit] Habitats
Bears live in a variety of habitats from the tropics to the Arctic and from forests to snowfields.They are mainly omnivorous,although some have a more specialized diet,such as polar bears who mainly consume fish and marine mammalia.They eat lichens,roots,nuts,and berries.They can also go to a river or other body of water to capture fish.Bears will commonly travel far for food.Hunting times are usually in the dusk or the dawn except when humans are nearby.
[edit] Behavior
Bears generally lead solitary lives,except for mothers attending their cubs,or males and females during mating season.Bears form temporary groups only when food is plentiful in a small area.Alaskan brown bears group in the same area to feed on salmon during the annual salmon runs,when the fish swim upriver to reach their spawning grounds.Other bears may live alone but exist in a social network.A male and female may live in an overlapping home range,each defending their range from other bears of the same sex.Male young usually leave their mothers to live in other areas,but females often live in an area that overlaps that of their mother.
Bears travel over large territories in search of food,remembering the details of the landscape they cover.They use their excellent memories to return to locations where food was plentiful in past years or seasons.Most bears are able to climb trees to chase prey or gain access to additional vegetation.The only exceptions are polar bears and large adult brown bears,whose heavy weight makes it difficult to climb trees.
Some of the larger species,such as the polar bear and the grizzly bear,are dangerous to humans,especially in areas where they have become used to people.For the most part,bears are shy and are easily frightened of humans.They will,however,defend their cubs ferociously if a situation calls for it.
[edit] Reproductive behavior
The bear's courtship period is very brief.Bears reproduce seasonally,usually after a period of inactivity similar to hibernation.Cubs are born toothless,blind,and bald.The cubs of brown bears,usually born in litters of 1鈥?,will typically stay with the mother for two full seasons.They feed on their mother's milk through the duration of their relationship with their mother,although as the cubs continue to grow,nursing becomes less frequent and learn to begin hunting with the mother.They will remain with the mother for approximately three years,until she enters the next cycle of estrus and drives the cubs off.Bears will reach sexual maturity in five to seven years.Bears are generally solitary creatures and will not stay close together for long periods of time.Exceptions have been regularly observed; siblings recently on their own,and sub-adult bears of similar age and status will spend a significant amount of time in informal social groups.
[edit] Other
Many bears of northern regions are assumed to hibernate in the winter.While many bear species do go into a physiological state called hibernation or winter sleep,it is not true hibernation.In true hibernators,body temperatures drop to near ambient and heart rate slows drastically,but the animals periodically rouse themselves to urinate or defecate and to eat from stored food.The body temperature of bears,on the other hand,drops only a few degrees from normal and heart rate slows only slightly.They do not wake normally during this "hibernation",and therefore do not eat,drink,urinate or defecate the entire period.Higher body heat and being easily roused may be adaptations,because females give birth to their cubs during this winter sleep.
Laws have been passed in many areas of the world to protect bears from hunters or habitat destruction.Bears in captivity have been forced to be trained to dance,box,or ride bicycles; however,this use of the animals became controversial in the late 20th century.In cartoons,circus bears are frequently depicted riding unicycles.
The brown bear is Finland's national animal.In the United States,the black bear is the state animal of Louisiana,New Mexico,and West Virginia; the grizzly bear is the state animal of both Montana and California.
The constellations Ursa Major and Ursa Minor represent bears.
[edit] Bears as food and medicine
Many people enjoy hunting bears and eating them.Their meat is dark and stringy,like a tough cut of beef.In Cantonese cuisine,bear paws are considered a delicacy.The peoples of China,Japan,and Korea use bears' body parts and secretions (notably their gallbladders and bile) as part of traditional Chinese medicine.Thousands of bile bears are farmed for their bile in China and Vietnam.
Modern English "bear" derives from Old English "bera",which itself derives from Proto-Germanic "*beron" meaning "the brown one".(Compare Scandinavian "björn",Dutch "beer" and German "Bär" all meaning "bear").
Both Greek ("arktos") and Latin ("ursus") have retained the Proto-Indo-European root word for "bear" ("*rtko") but it was ritually replaced in the northern branches of the Indo-European languages (The Germanic,Baltic,Celtic and Slavic branches) because of the hunters' taboo on the names of wild animals.For example the Irish word for "bear" translated means "the good calf",in Welsh it translates as "honey-pig",in Lithuanian it means "the licker" and Russian "屑械写胁械写褜" literally means "one who leads to honey".
[edit] Physical attributes
Common characteristics of bears include a short tail,acute senses of smell and hearing,five non-retractable claws per paw,and long,dense,shaggy fur.
Bears have large bodies and powerful limbs.They are capable of standing up on their hind legs.They have broad paws,long snouts,and round ears.Their teeth are bared for defense and used as tools,depending on the diet of the bear.Their claws are used for ripping,digging,and catching.Black bears,and likely other bears,have color vision.
Depending on the species,bears can have 32 to 42 teeth.Bear teeth are not specialized for killing their prey like those of cats.Normal canine teeth in a carnivore are generally large,pointed and used for killing prey,while bears' canine teeth are relatively small and typically used in defense or as tools.Bears' molar teeth are broad,flat and are used to shred and grind plant food into small digestible pieces.
Bears have four limbs that end in paws.Each paw has five long,sharp claws that are not retractable.These claws can be used to climb trees,rip open termite nests and beehives,dig up roots,or catch prey,depending on the species.While most carnivores tend to walk on their toes in a way that is adapted for speed,bears have a plantigrade stance.They walk with their weight on the soles of their feet,with the heel touching the ground,while the claws of the arm are used more for balance.Although slower than most carnivores,a running bear can reach speeds of up to 50 km/h (30 mph).
A bear's fur is often long and shaggy.Fur color varies among species,ranging from white,blond or cream,black and white,to all black or all brown.Colors of a bear's fur can also vary within species.For example,American black bears may be black,brown,reddish-brown,or bluish-black.Several species,such as the sun bear and spectacled bear have a light-colored chest with facial markings.
In all bear species,males are larger than females,but the difference between sexes varies and is greatest in the largest species.Large male polar bears may weigh twice as much as females,while smaller male and female bears are much more similar in weight.A bear's life span seems to last about 25 to 40 years.Bears living in the wild tend to die younger than their zoo counterparts.
Kodiak bears are the largest type,and in fact one of the largest extant carnivores,though polar bears are the heaviest.Sun bears are the smallest,only the size of a large dog.
[edit] Habitats
Bears live in a variety of habitats from the tropics to the Arctic and from forests to snowfields.They are mainly omnivorous,although some have a more specialized diet,such as polar bears who mainly consume fish and marine mammalia.They eat lichens,roots,nuts,and berries.They can also go to a river or other body of water to capture fish.Bears will commonly travel far for food.Hunting times are usually in the dusk or the dawn except when humans are nearby.
[edit] Behavior
Bears generally lead solitary lives,except for mothers attending their cubs,or males and females during mating season.Bears form temporary groups only when food is plentiful in a small area.Alaskan brown bears group in the same area to feed on salmon during the annual salmon runs,when the fish swim upriver to reach their spawning grounds.Other bears may live alone but exist in a social network.A male and female may live in an overlapping home range,each defending their range from other bears of the same sex.Male young usually leave their mothers to live in other areas,but females often live in an area that overlaps that of their mother.
Bears travel over large territories in search of food,remembering the details of the landscape they cover.They use their excellent memories to return to locations where food was plentiful in past years or seasons.Most bears are able to climb trees to chase prey or gain access to additional vegetation.The only exceptions are polar bears and large adult brown bears,whose heavy weight makes it difficult to climb trees.
Some of the larger species,such as the polar bear and the grizzly bear,are dangerous to humans,especially in areas where they have become used to people.For the most part,bears are shy and are easily frightened of humans.They will,however,defend their cubs ferociously if a situation calls for it.
[edit] Reproductive behavior
The bear's courtship period is very brief.Bears reproduce seasonally,usually after a period of inactivity similar to hibernation.Cubs are born toothless,blind,and bald.The cubs of brown bears,usually born in litters of 1鈥?,will typically stay with the mother for two full seasons.They feed on their mother's milk through the duration of their relationship with their mother,although as the cubs continue to grow,nursing becomes less frequent and learn to begin hunting with the mother.They will remain with the mother for approximately three years,until she enters the next cycle of estrus and drives the cubs off.Bears will reach sexual maturity in five to seven years.Bears are generally solitary creatures and will not stay close together for long periods of time.Exceptions have been regularly observed; siblings recently on their own,and sub-adult bears of similar age and status will spend a significant amount of time in informal social groups.
[edit] Other
Many bears of northern regions are assumed to hibernate in the winter.While many bear species do go into a physiological state called hibernation or winter sleep,it is not true hibernation.In true hibernators,body temperatures drop to near ambient and heart rate slows drastically,but the animals periodically rouse themselves to urinate or defecate and to eat from stored food.The body temperature of bears,on the other hand,drops only a few degrees from normal and heart rate slows only slightly.They do not wake normally during this "hibernation",and therefore do not eat,drink,urinate or defecate the entire period.Higher body heat and being easily roused may be adaptations,because females give birth to their cubs during this winter sleep.
Laws have been passed in many areas of the world to protect bears from hunters or habitat destruction.Bears in captivity have been forced to be trained to dance,box,or ride bicycles; however,this use of the animals became controversial in the late 20th century.In cartoons,circus bears are frequently depicted riding unicycles.
The brown bear is Finland's national animal.In the United States,the black bear is the state animal of Louisiana,New Mexico,and West Virginia; the grizzly bear is the state animal of both Montana and California.
The constellations Ursa Major and Ursa Minor represent bears.
[edit] Bears as food and medicine
Many people enjoy hunting bears and eating them.Their meat is dark and stringy,like a tough cut of beef.In Cantonese cuisine,bear paws are considered a delicacy.The peoples of China,Japan,and Korea use bears' body parts and secretions (notably their gallbladders and bile) as part of traditional Chinese medicine.Thousands of bile bears are farmed for their bile in China and Vietnam.
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